West Begin :: essays research papers

WEST AS A LAND OF CONQUEST. â€Å" Citing the Sioux as the example, explain the conquest of the Natives. When did the conflicts occur and where did they occur? What were the Anglo American objectives and what were the Means? What was the outcome?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you stated that most all of the Plains Indians were tough’s fighters, but the tribes that became the most powerful were the Comanche’s in the South the Sioux in the North.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1860 Indian sovereignty had been responsible for the government’s efforts to erect t permanent barrier or buffers between the tribes and the Anglo culture. West of the bend of the northern bend Missouri River would constitute a permanent Indian country. Treaties never withstood other pressure of white interest in the lands occupied by the Indians and that pattern was true in this case as well.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1850 each tribe was granted a large area of land under a policy called concentration.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1851 each tribe revived its own defined reservation, confirmed by separate treaties duly ratified by US Senate. (Which did not survive for very long because it favored whites who wanted access to land, and it divided the Indians and kept them for negotiation in their common interest.)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New policy. Recommended two large reservations would be established. South, Indian Territory (Oklahoma) was established and in the north, the Dakotas all the way to the Powder River in Montana was established, which failed.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Corruption and incompetence in the Bureau of Indian Affairs was a major problem.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1850s until the late 1890 there was nearly incessant warfare on the plains. (A small band of Indians would attack whites that had encroached into Indian Territory). Little Crow, the Santee killed more than 700 white before they were subdue by the Army in retaliation after the US Army encroachment by the whites in 1860.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1864 fighting between whites and Indians broke out in eastern Colorado and led to one the most despicable event s in the annals of Anglo-Indian conflict.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gold was discovered in Cherry Creek in what is now Denver.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Natives were assigned to lands in eastern Colorado between the Platte and Arkansas Rivers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retaliate again in rejecting this treatment to recover their lost territory. Which lead to John Chivington attack this camp without warning when all the Indians who did not want to fight went the army camps where they would be protected. November 28,1864.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Black Kettle managed to escape to the south. Four years later he and his people ware attacked by the US Army at the Washita Rive on the Texas-Oklahoma border.

Energy Saving Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb Environmental Sciences Essay

The Carbon Trust Applied Research and Incubator strategies has over the old ages through their Low Carbon Technology Assessment given a clear indicant of their engineering precedences and this have been determined on the footing of the C salvaging potency of each engineering and the extent to which the Carbon Trust support is likely to hold a important impact on advancement towards its commercial deployment. This they do sing the increasing sum of C pollution in the environment which has led to a heap up of Greenhouse Gas ( GHG ) and has made clime alteration a great concern for the full universe. Harmonizing to the Pew Centre ( 2011 ) about all of the nursery gas ( GHG ) emanations from the residential and commercial sectors can be attributed to energy usage in edifices and illuming histories for approximately 11 % of energy usage in residential edifices and 18 % in commercial edifices, which means it uses the 2nd largest sum of energy in edifices after warming, airing, and air conditioning ( HVAC ) systems. Therefore accommodations to illuming systems can be straightforward and achieve significant cost nest eggs accordingly ; turn toing lighting can be a simple manner to cut down a edifice ‘s energy usage and related GHG in a cost-efficient mode. This can be achieved harmonizing to the Pew Centre ( 2011 ) in two ways: Conservation ; through minimising the sum of clip visible radiations are in usage ; Efficiency ; betterments that cut down the sum of energy used to illume a given infinite, by and large utilizing a more efficient illuming engineering. Lighting is a big and quickly turning beginning of energy demand and nursery gas emanations. In 2005 grid-based electricity ingestion for lighting was 2650 TWh worldwide, which was about 19 % of the entire planetary electricity ingestion. Furthermore, each twelvemonth 55 billion liters of gasolene and Diesel are used to run vehicle visible radiations. More than one-fourth of the population of the universe uses liquid fuel ( kerosene oil ) to supply lighting ( IEA 2006 ) . Global electricity ingestion for illuming is distributed about 28 % to the residential sector, 48 % to the service sector, 16 % to the industrial sector, and 8 % to street and other lighting. In the industrialised states, national electricity ingestion for illuming scopes from 5 % to 15 % , on the other manus, in developing states the value can be every bit high as 86 % of the entire electricity usage ( Mills 2002 ) . More efficient usage of the energy used for illuming would restrict the rate of addition of electric power ingestion, cut down the economic and societal costs ensuing from the building of new bring forthing capacity, and cut down the emanations of nursery gases and other pollutants into the environment. At the minute fluorescent lamps dominate in office lighting. In domestic illuming the dominant light beginning is still the inefficient incandescent lamp, which is more than a century old. At the minute, of import factors refering lighting are energy efficiency, daytime usage, single control of visible radiation, quality of visible radiation, emanations during the life-cycle, and entire costs. Efficient lighting has been found in several surveies to be a cost effectual manner to cut down CO2 emanations. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for non-residential edifices concluded that energy efficient illuming is one of the steps covering the largest potency and besides supplying the cheapest extenuation options. Among the steps that have possible for CO2 decrease in edifices, energy efficient illuming comes foremost largest in developing states, 2nd largest in states with their economic systems in passage, and 3rd largest in the industrialised states ( Urge-Vorsatz, Novikova & A ; Levine 2008 ) . The study by McKinsey ( McKinsey 2008 ) shows the cost-effectiveness of illuming systems in cut downing CO2 emanations ; see Figure 1.1. The planetary â€Å" C suspension cost curve † provides a map of the universe ‘s abatement chances ranked from the least-cost to the highest-cost options. This cost curve shows the stairss that can be taken with engineerings that either are available today or look really likely to go available in the close hereafter. The breadth of the bars indicates the sum of CO2 emanations that we could slake while the tallness shows the cost per ton abated. The lowest-cost chances appear on the left of the graph. Capture1.PNG Figure1.1- Costss of different CO2 suspension chances. ( McKinsey 2008 ) The background above shows clearly that it is non possible to do a determination in one inquiry without sing the others. A holistic position takes into history all energy flows in the edifice over clip in order to make a sustainable attack ( Diemer, 2008 ) . In order to construct high public presentation edifices ( WBDG, 2008 ) we have to see all the different design procedures and facets of edifices ( see figure 1.2 ) and how edifices are used by proprietors and users. Capture3.PNG Figure 1.2- Global aims for High Performance Buildings. ( WBDG, 2008 )IntroductionHarmonizing to Pew Centre ( 2011 ) illuming histories for approximately 11 % of energy usage in residential edifices and 18 % in commercial edifices, therefore the demand to conserve light usage and follow more efficient engineerings can give significant nest eggs. In add-on to that it can besides cut down nursery gas emanations and give benefits like better reading and working conditions every bit good as reduced light pollution. Carbon emanation through the nursery gas consequence remains the singular job the whole universe is confronting due to the increased usage of fossil fuels and usage of traditional engineerings in lightings at places or in commercial edifices, every bit good as many edifices still staying brown alternatively of traveling green. In order to accomplish the decrease of C in the Earth ‘s ambiance every bit good as other nursery gases a batch of industries have sprung up in the clean or renewable energy sector. One of those elements of the industry harmonizing to the US Department for Energy ( 2012 ) is the energy efficiency sector, which may non look brassy or important at first glimpse but is softly spurring invention while cutting costs and salvaging occupations across the state as more industry leaders are turning to innovative energy efficiency techniques to cut down energy measures and produce low-cost merchandises. New illuming engineerings are many times more efficient than traditional engineerings such as incandescent bulbs and exchanging to newer engineerings can ensue in significant net energy usage decrease, and associated decreases in nursery gas emanations. The US Department of Energy in a survey in 2008 revealed that utilizing light breathing rectifying tubes ( LEDs ) for niche intents in which it is presently executable would salvage adequate electricity to be the end product of 27 coal power workss. This undertaking would give a description on researches on different illuming efficiency methods which can be used in Carbon emanation decrease and energy preservation, every bit good as besides help commercial houses cut costs so that they are able to bring forth low-cost merchandises and besides assist salvage more occupations in the present economic recession still seize with teething most houses in top industrialized states of the universe.Company PROFILEABOUT USAPASI ENERGY COMPANY LIMITED is a planetary leader in renewable energy solution, the company was established in 1993 with its specialisation in Lighting Efficiency Solutions and Technology. Having been in operation in Edinburgh ( UK ) and most states in Europe for the past 20years, and conducts researches that span over green engineerings like power technology, illuming engineering, environment pollution and direction, and more late C engineering. The company offers the most suited environmental scheme to run into specific environmental, comfort, energy and cost standards. Using computational methods backed by our practical, performance-based attack we can measure assorted options of environmental schemes giving greater flexibleness to architectural design. Areas of expertness include: Environmental facade design and optimization – analyse public presentation of facade options including heat transportation, solar additions, day-lighting, and airing. Low energy edifice design – buttocks different designs including advice on edifice signifier and natural airing schemes to help the inactive low energy design. Renewable and low C engineerings – look into alternate engineerings that best suit the undertaking needs, including facade integrated low C solutions. Since the beginning of concern, our stockholders have undertaken a significant programme of investing in order to enable the company to run into the quickly developing demands for energy use through illuming engineering, with all accent in technological invention and entire efficiency, we have maximised the environmental and economic public presentation of our resources, which has made us stand out in the energy market and run into our clients ‘ demands.TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEWLighting harmonizing represents at times up to 25 % of place electrical usage and it can impact the manner one feels, work and interact with others. It helps accomplish mundane undertakings and it is besides a important portion of one ‘s monthly public-service corporation measure. Efficient illuming would therefore come in utile since it is a signifier of scientific discipline every bit good as an art, despite the fact that most people still use the incandescent bulb, a engineering invented some 100 old ages ago by Thomas Edison. Since illuming therefore plays an of import portion in place electrical usage and C emanation from residential and commercial edifices, increasing one ‘s lighting efficiency is therefore one of the easiest and fastest ways to take down energy measures ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energy.ca.gov/efficiency/lighting/ ) . Lighting or Energy efficiency can therefore be defined as the optimization of energy ingestion, with no forfeit in illuming quality. It is a combination of thoughtful design and choice of appropriate lamp, luminaire and control system choice made in concurrence with informed picks of the light degree required, integrating and consciousness of the environment or infinite which is being lit ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energyrating.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/2009-ref-manual-lighting.pdf ) .LIGHTING EFFICIENCY METHODSThis portion of the proposal would advert the popular ways to cut down the sum of energy consumed by illuming systems and the following discussed options give a scope of preservation options that can cut down the usage of unreal lighting ( beginning: Pew Centre, 2011 ) :Behavioral ChangeThis would intend a alteration in attitude of energy users whether in residential and commercial edifices. Turning off visible radiations when they are non being used reduces energy usage, nursery gas ( GHG ) emanations from electricity, and public-service corporation measures. It may include turning off visible radiations in unoccupied suites or where there is equal natural visible radiation. Adjusting unreal visible radiation end product can besides supply energy nest eggs ; for illustration, utilizing undertaking lighting ( e.g. , a desk lamp ) instead than room lighting can cut down the figure of fixtures in usage, and dimmers allow visible radiations to be used at maximal capacity when necessary and at low capacity.BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES ( BAT )Timers and detectors can cut down light use to the necessary degree ; these options use engineering to mime the behavioral alteration described above. Detectors are used to function different intents in this theoretical account of light energy efficiency and they are of different sorts: Occupancy detectors: This aid guarantee that visible radiations are merely on when they are being actively used. Infrared detectors can observe heat and gesture, and supersonic detectors can observe sound. Both must be installed right to guarantee that they are sensitive to human activity instead than other activity in the locality ( such as ambient noise ) . Some estimations suggest that tenancy detectors can cut down energy usage by 45 % , while other estimations are every bit high as 90 % . Photograph detectors: They use ambient visible radiation to find the degree of light end product for a fixture. For illustration, photo-sensors might be used to turn out-of-door visible radiations off during daylight hours.IMPROVING Building DESIGN TO MAXIMIZE NATURAL LIGHTBy bettering the significant sum of natural visible radiation that comes into a edifice, the demand for unreal lighting is reduced and it may merely go a addendum for usage at dark or when otherwise needed. Besides in cut downing GHG emanations through edifice design, it is of import to take a holistic attack that considers non merely how design affects natural visible radiation, but besides the warming and chilling demands for the edifice. When unreal lighting is necessary, taking efficient engineerings can efficaciously cut down electricity usage and related GHG emanations. In taking among the available engineerings, it is of import to see several factors, including the quality of illuming needed, the frequence of usage, and the environment in which the visible radiation is being used ( e.g. , indoor or out-of-door ) . The undermentioned types of lighting and fixtures are most common in edifices:INCANDESCENT BULBSThese bulbs emit visible radiation when an electrical current causes a tungsten fibril to glow ; nevertheless, 90 % of the energy used for the bulb is emitted as heat instead than light, doing these bulbs the least efficient for most family intents when measuring them on a lms ( sum of light emitted ) end product to energy input footing. Halogen bulbs are a type of incandescent that are somewhat more efficient than standard incandescent but less efficient than most other options.COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS ( CF Ls ) AND FLUORESCENT TUBESThese emit visible radiation when an electric current causes an internal gas-filled chamber to make full with UV ( UV ) visible radiation, which is so emitted as seeable visible radiation through a particular sort of surfacing on the tubing. All fluorescent bulbs require ballast, a constituent that regulates the current traveling through the lamp. Ballasts can be integrated into the bulb, as is the instance for most CFLs ( leting them to be used interchangeably with most candent bulbs ) or non-integrated, which require the ballast to be portion of the fixture, as is the instance for many fluorescent tubings used in schools and offices. Ballasts come in two assortments: magnetic ( which are older and less efficient ) and electronic ( which are newer and much more efficient ) . Both CFLs and Fluorescent tubes come in a assortment of forms, sizes, and efficiencies ( see Figure 1 for a diagram of a typical CFL bulb ) . They by and large use 75 % less energy than candent visible radiation bulbs. A CFL produces between 50-70 lms per W, compared to the 10-19 lms per W for an incandescent bulb. They are besides durable merchandises, with a life-time of 10,000 hours for CFLs and a life-time of 7,000-24,000 hours for tubings. Incandescent bulbs, by comparing, have a life-time of 750-2500 hours. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energystar.gov/ia/products/lighting/cfls/images/Parts_of_CFL_large.jpg Figure 1: Diagram of CFL Bulb ( Source: U.S. EPA/ DOE Energy Star Program. â€Å" Learn about Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs † hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energystar.gov/index.cfm? c=cfls.pr_cfls_about ) .HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE ( HID ) LAMPSHID Lamps come in several assortments with widespread applications. They emit light when a current-also regulated through ballast-is passed between two electrodes on either terminal of a gas-filled tubing. Mercury, Na, or metal halide gas can be used, each with different coloring material end products, life-times, and applications. These types of visible radiations are non appropriate for all types of countries and usage ; for case, HID lamps have a long start-up period-up to ten minutes-and are best used in countries where illuming must be sustained for several hours ( e.g. , on athleticss Fieldss or for street visible radiations ) . In general, HID bulbs are 75-90 % more efficient than incandescent bulbs and have a long life-tim e.Low-pressure SODIUMThough these types of lamps are among the most efficient available for outdoor usage, they are merely utile for certain applications because of their long start-up clip, cool-down clip, and hapless coloring material rendering. Low-pressure Na lamps are typically used for street or main road lighting, parking garages, or other security lighting. Because of their niche application, they are non typically considered as a replacement for other types of less efficient bulbs.LIGHT EMITTING DIODE ( LED )In light-emitting rectifying tubes, negatrons and negatron holes ( atoms that lack an negatron ) combine, let go ofing energy in the signifier of visible radiation. This engineering has been around for several decennaries, but many applications of LEDs for illuming have merely late become available commercially as improved coloring material renderings have been developed and costs reduced. LED fixtures use 75-80 % less electricity than incandescent bulbs, and can hold a lifetime 25 times longer than candent visible radiation bulbs.HYBRID SOLAR LIGHTINGIn this emerging engineering, a roof-mounted solar aggregator sends the seeable part of solar energy into light-conducting optical overseas telegrams, where it is piped to interior edifice infinites. Accountants monitor the handiness of solar visible radiation and addendum it as necessary with fluorescent visible radiations to supply the coveted light degrees at each location. Early experiments show that intercrossed lighting is a feasible option for illuming on the top two floors of most commercial edifices. This engineering has other assuring benefits every bit good. The solar aggregator on the rooftop can divide seeable visible radiation from infrared radiation ; the seeable visible radiation can so be used for lighting, and the infrared radiation can be used for other intents, such as to bring forth electricity, for hot H2O warming, or for a infinite heating unit. Because the energy is split, les s heat energy is wasted in illuming ; it is alternatively used for other energy-consuming points within the edifice.Solid-state LIGHTING ( SSL )This are the following coevals of light energy efficiency engineerings which make usage of light-emitting rectifying tubes ( LEDs ) , organic light-emitting rectifying tubes ( OLEDs ) , or light-emitting polymers are normally referred to as solid-state lighting ( SSL ) . Unlike incandescent or fluorescent lamps, which create light with fibrils and gases encased in a glass bulb, solid-state lighting consists of semi-conductors that convert electricity into light ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/SSLWhat.asp ) . Harmonizing to a US Department of Energy ( DOE ) estimate no other illuming engineering offers the same degree of possible to cut down energy usage in the hereafter like the SSL. The DOE estimates that energy nest eggs in 2030 from SSL could make 190 TWh, the one-year electrical end product of 24 big power workss ( 1,000MW ) . This they estimate would ensue in 31.4 million metric ton decrease of C and $ 15 billion in energy nest eggs by 2030.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe intent of this research is to cognize the best possible illuming engineering that would vouch energy efficiency and aid cut down C emanation from residential and commercial edifices. Probe of the best lighting efficiency engineering would be the important portion of the research and the consequences from it would assist organize the footing for the following coevals of energy efficient engineerings that would be used in places, offices and industries to assist salvage costs, maintain occupations and cut down planetary C emanation. The research would therefore ship on happening out the most cost effectual and energy efficient engineering that can be used in edifices and how CO2 and light pollution can be reduced particularly utilizing following coevals engineerings like the LEDs and Solid-State Lighting ( SSLs ) .PRODUCT INNOVATION AND APPLICATIONSIn footings of merchandise invention and its application, the Light breathing rectifying tubes ( LED ) and peculiarly the Solid-State Lighting ( SSL ) would be the advanced merchandises to be developed to keep energy efficiency and cut down C emanations as they are set to do valued parts over the following 30 old ages. It is estimated that energy nest eggs over the following three decennaries from SSL could make 190TWh which is the one-year electrical end product of 24 big power workss which would in bend cut down 31.4 million metric ton of C released in the Earth ‘s ambiance. LED illuming systems have proved utile in index applications such as issue marks and t raffic signals due to their brightness, visibleness and long-life, while new utilizations include small-area lighting, tract and measure marker and are set to be the lightings for full walls and ceilings in future. The Solid-state lighting ( SSL ) on its portion is progressively used in a assortment of illuming applications because it offers the undermentioned benefits: Long LifeA – Light-emitting diode can supply 50,000 hours or more of life, A which can cut down care costs. In comparing, an incandescent visible radiation bulb lasts about 1,000 hours. EnergyA SavingsA – The best commercial white LED illuming systems provide three times the aglow efficaciousness ( lumens per W ) of incandescent lighting. Colour LEDs are particularly advantageous for colored illuming applicationsA becauseA filters are notA needed. Better Quality Light OutputA – Light-emitting diode have minimum ultraviolet and infrared radiation. Intrinsically Safe – LED systems are low electromotive force and by and large cool to the touch. Smaller, flexible visible radiation fixtures – The little size of LEDs makes them utile for illuming tight infinites and for making alone applications. DurableA – LEDs have no fibril to interrupt and can defy quivers. Beginning: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/SSLWhat.asp & gt ; .MARKET USER GROUPS AND PROJECTIONSThere is a changing market base for merchandises developed utilizing the ethos of illuming energy efficiency peculiarly the LEDs and SSLs which are the following coevals of illuming efficiency merchandises to hit the market and are expected to great aid cut down C emanations by cut downing the sum of electrical power generated for places and concerns. The following groups of market users are identified: Home users: Merchandises from illuming energy efficiency can be used by place proprietors and persons to cut down the sum of electrical power they consume at place through illuming. This they already do through the usage of detectors in their lighting systems that detect human voice, noise or activity before turning on the lighting in topographic points within the place. More merchandises like the LEDs can farther be developed to be used in most lighting at place to farther cut down energy ingestions in residential edifices. Business leaders: There is the opportunity for concern leaders in different industries to cut down the sum of energy they consume in their offices or industrial topographic points. Lighting energy efficiency can assist cut by every bit much as 30 % in some instances of the energy an industrial works consumes therefore salvaging the company costs and besides assisting to maintain occupations. Investor: This group of stakeholders would wish to cognize the degree of net income available in this sort of undertaking and would be interested when they find the immense possible inherent in illuming efficiency engineering and would be excited by the following coevals of engineering in the field such as the LEDs and SSLs. Regulator/Government: Government of most industrialised states like the United States are committed to doing consumers and concerns go green and salvage money and costs by cut downing the energy they consume. They sponsor researches into the development of new LED lighting engineerings that would assist cut down power coevals from authorities and power manufacturers. Therefore this research been done and merchandises developed from it would assist authorities in sensitising people on new information or merchandises to assist them travel green and be efficient in their energy ingestion thereby cut downing C emanation and act as a regulative tool for sustainable development.PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND SellingThe research undertaking when completed would see APASI ENERGY COMPANY LIMITED make usage of its result to develop merchandises in coaction with other research workers, makers, public-service corporation companies that are interested and authorities to invent strategies were the mercha ndises would be tested to rate their efficiency and therefore ease a wide acceptance of LED engineering across Scotland and so the UK. Besides professionals in concern and selling would be brought on at a ulterior day of the month to assist manner out marketing schemes to assist pervade place and concern consumers of electrical power to take on the new merchandises so as to cut down their energy ingestions and salvage them costs.ENERGY AND CARBON SAVING PREDICTIONSIn footings of energy and C nest eggs, the efficient usage of illuming in residential and commercial edifices would travel a long manner in guaranting that happens. Energy preservation and efficient usage of lightings would greatly cut down C emanations associated with illuming significantly. At the degree of single families and concerns, preservation and efficiency steps can take down public-service corporation measures, and broader usage of illuming efficiency engineering across the society can ensue in Greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emanation decreases and environmental benefits derived from reduced demand for electricity. For illustration Candescent Fluorescent ( CFLs ) use 75 % less energy and LEDs use 75 to 80 % less energy than candent visible radiation bulbs ; replacing these merchandises for traditional lighting engineerings, for illustration, can cut down net energy usage. The continued widespread usage of efficient illuming engineerings like the Solid-state lighting engineering would be indispensable for GHG emanation decreases with a 2008 survey by the US Department of Energy uncovering that replacing LEDs from their current niche utilizations would salvage adequate electricity to be the end product of 27 coal power workss and cut down 31.4 million metric ton of C by 2030. Estimates by planetary market research company McKinsey & A ; Co. besides note that LED engineering addition such as exchanging from incandescent and CFL bulbs to LEDs by 2030 would supply GHG emanation decreases from lower energy ingestions and besides cost-efficient over the lifetime of the bulbs. Asides from the benefits of illuming efficiency to planetary clime, its other benefits include lower public-service corporation measures to consumers, reduced light pollution and better reading and working conditions.SWOT ANALYSISStrengthsReduced Energy Bills: The usage of timers and detectors in lightings of edifices can travel a long manner in cut downing electricity ingestion from its usage and this can ensue in net nest eggs for places and concerns through lower public-service corporation measures. Longer Life: LEDs supply a longer permanent life when used compared to incandescent bulbs. The LEDs can last for up to 50,000 hours compared to the incandescent 1s that last for 1,000 hours therefore there is a decrease in care costs for concerns and place users. GHG Emission Reductions: Using efficient illuming engineerings and energy preservation can ensue in the decrease of C emitted by residential and commercial edifices. The peculiar acceptance of SSLs is estimated in the following 30 old ages to be a major engineering in cut downing the sum of electrical power generated from both non-renewable and renewable energy beginnings therefore cut downing the emanation of C into the ambiance. Carbon Trading: When successful developed and deployed across the UK, efficient illuming engineering can assist the Scotland and the whole UK save a batch of C which could hold been emitted into the ambiance. With new planetary programs to set up a planetary C market, that would give the UK tonss of C to be traded in the C market.FailingsSensors/Lighting Control: Detectors are non ever able to observe and fit demands of the residents because they are frequently located far from the country of tenancy particularly in the ceilings and can non needfully estimate illuming demands closer to the land. Upfront Costss: This pose a peculiarly noteworthy barrier, though lighting engineerings and patterns pay for themselves over clip due to their long permanent life-time – some of them peculiarly new border engineerings have immense up-front costs that consumers, concerns and local councils may be unwilling to pay. Besides, merchandises like the Hybrid solar lighting ( HSL ) has existed for decennaries but cost considerations have therefore far made widespread acceptance infeasible. Mercury Use: Agnosticism about the quality of CFL bulbs has deterred many clients though makers have been able to turn to such concerns like its hapless reflectors and noisy nature, but concerns are still high amongst consumers about the usage of quicksilver in it. CFLs contain a really little sum of quicksilver in each bulb – less than 1/100 of the sum in an older thermometer. Carbon Decrease: The undertaking looks at how carbon emanation can be reduced through illuming efficiency and due to the fact that C emanation sums to about 11 % from places and about 18 % from commercial edifices numbering 29 % between the two, efficient illuming engineerings as soon used can non cut down the full planetary GHG emanations.OpportunitiesSSLs: The Solid-State Lighting merchandises when to the full researched and deployed have the possible to work out tonss of the jobs associated with light pollution and C emanations from residential and commercial edifices every bit good as salvaging costs. It besides would greatly cut down C emanation into the ambiance by cut downing the sum of electrical power consumed hence in bend cut downing the sum of electrical power needed to be produced. Regulative Tool: This research undertaking would assist regulative organic structures better supply policies and ordinances that would drive concerns and places to go greener and salvage energy. It would besides guarantee that industries emit less C and therefore cut down the sum of pollution traveling into the ambiance.MenacesCompetition: There is the possible menace of competition from rival houses once this research undertaking is made public, as they may desire to bring forth such merchandises. Besides there is possible competition from other states in the universe who may desire first mover advantage in bring forthing engineerings like the SSL which is the hereafter of the lighting efficiency engineering industry. Utility Companies: Companies which sell public-service corporations like electricity may see the development of the SSL illuming engineering as a menace as it is estimated to cut down electrical energy ingestion in places and concerns amounting to up to the equivalent of 27 power workss in the following 30 old ages, therefore they may non be concerted in join forcesing to proving the development of the new merchandises in pilot strategies amongst their consumers to be able to bring forth informations on the sum of electrical use the usage of SSL engineering really reduces so as to besides cognize how much C emanation that reduces from the power workss. Payback Time periods: The payback period for the usage of illuming engineering besides vary in length and edifice residents may be loath to put in efficient illuming engineerings if they will be resigning the edifices before they can harvest the full benefits of these engineerings. Market Entry Barrier: There is a immense market barrier to new entrants in the lighting efficiency engineering market hence the demand for support. To research and besides make many of the new engineerings in the lighting industry requires costs therefore new entrants find it hard to interrupt into the market or even have adequate financess to transport out research on following coevals of engineerings.THE RESEARCH PROJECT TEAMThe research undertaking squad is a multidisciplinary one which has experts on low energy ingestion engineering, technology, environment scientific discipline and direction, concern direction and decision makers drawn from both Nigeria and the UK. APASI ENERGY COMPANY LIMITED would be involved in every phase of the research undertaking from its start through its disposal and coordination until its entry of full research results and study to the patrons ( Carbon Trust ) . The squad would be led by a Head of Research and Development Prof. Ryan Harts and other members from the company and other educational organic structures who would supply some degree of proficient support. Team Leader: Prof. Ryan Harts: Is the Head of Research and Development with APASI Energy Company Limited and a visiting Professor with Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh and Imperial College, London in Energy severally. He brings more than 30years experience in industrial turbo-machinery and infrigidation systems runing from 10,000 TR surface-cooling workss to utility-scale power-generation equipment. Rob has performed energy appraisals covering more than 500 million three-dimensional pess of refrigerated and freezer infinite, including all facets of energy analysis on controls, cooling, distribution and operation of these systems. With his great passion for research and development in illuming engineering and energy usage, developing research strengths in illuming efficiency, use and C engineerings. Team Members: Prof. Morrison Fischer: A alumnus of Bachelor of Science in Materials Science from University of Wisconsin-Madison, Energy Engineering from University of Edinburgh, and PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Process Integration and Intensification. He joined the company in 1998 as an expert in Sustainability procedure and Process Intensification which has assisted APASI Energy Company Limited in accomplishing its corporate ends by supplying sustainability and energy decrease schemes, C footmark, and responses to provide concatenation studies. Dr. Franklin Oliver: Is the Chief Scientific Officer of APASI Energy Company Limited, He is a innovator applied scientist in the development of electric propulsion systems since the 1980 ‘s with Tetra Energy Inc. , Oliver brings 28years of extended research and merchandise development background, every bit good as his experience as laminitis and CEO of iCAP engineerings, to APASI Energy Company Limited. Dr. Andrew Wilshire: Holds a PhD grade in Physics/ Electrical Engineering from the Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen in 1980. He is a profound academician and research worker who have published many articles on Waste Water Management, Climate Change and Environmental Pollution, and Power Engineering Improvements with his major strength in electrical power industry. Having spent over 35years in the Industrial sector he decided to convey his huge cognition and attending into research in C decrease engineerings and illuming efficiency usage after go toing a fellowship class at the Heriot-Watt University. Dr. Edward English: He is a senior lector of Renewable Energy Engineering ( Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh ) . His brings over 20years of Senior Management experience in both the Industrial and Electrical fabrication and distribution markets. Anterior to Heriot-Watt University, he has involved in supplying strategic consulting services to makers, distributers and private equity houses in the supply concatenation markets. Undertaking Administrator: Engr. Ismaila Lawal: Engr. Ismaila Lawal is responsible for scheme and organizing project day-to-day operations. He taps his extended experience taking and reding growing companies with emerging engineering based services.Work PlanUndertaking CostThis Research undertaking will be conducted on a projectized organisational formation which will cross over 12 calendar months with cost and resources allotment as follows:RESEARCH TEAM ( AECL )Cost PER MONTH ( ? )ANNUAL COST ( ? )Prof. Ryan Harts 1,500 18,000 Prof. Morrison Fischer 1,000 12,000 Dr. Franklin Oliver 1,000 12,000 Engr. Ismaila Lawal 750 9,000 SUB-TOTAL51,000RESEARCH TEAM ( HW )Cost PER MONTH ( ? )ANNUAL COST ( ? )Dr. Andrew Wilshire 1,000 12,000 Dr. Edward English 1,000 12,000 SUB-TOTAL24,000AssortedAPASI ENERGY COMPANY LIMITED Overhead Cost: Office Support, etc. ?8,000 Consumables: ?4,000 Heriot-Watt University Overhead Cost: Overhead for office support ?7,000 Capital Equipment: computing machines, etc. ?15,000 Travel and subsistence costs: Meetings, etc. ?14,000 Other costs: Eventuality cost, etc. ?5,000Fund Request ( Total ) ?128,000Section BDelphi StudyAn decision maker would be selected for this portion of the survey which is to fix a Delphi prediction survey for the research undertaking in the first portion of this work. The decision maker would be me and a questionnaire would be prepared and sent out to a group of experts who would so reply them. Delphi calculating harmonizing to Singh and Kasavana ( 2005 ) is a concern research technique used to find the likely happening of future events. It elicits sentiments from little choice group of experts and so tries to construct a consensus on the topic/s handed out to the experts.Questionnaire DesignFor this survey the questionnaire was designed from the background of information on illuming efficiency used in the research undertaking and seven event statements were used in the questionnaire. This was to assist find the result of future engineerings in the lighting efficiency industry. The questionnaire was developed along the prognostic skylines of 2030 ( long term ) and had a five-point likeliness of happening with 1 bespeaking ‘very likely to happen ‘ and 5 indicating ‘not likely to happen ‘ . Space was besides provided at the terminal of the questionnaire to let respondents to subject open-ended anticipations about of import hereafter events that were non identified.Delphi QuestionnaireQ1: All illuming bulbs around the universe would hold been switched from candent 1s to more efficient types? Very likely Likely Not certain Not likely Strongly improbable Q2: Hybrid solar lighting ( HSL ) would hold become executable to utilize in many topographic points? 1. Very likely 2. Likely 3. Not certain 4. Not likely 5. Strongly improbable Q3: Would the up-front cost of having an efficient type of illuming e.g. the CFLs have become cheaper for place and commercial users? 1. Very likely 2. Likely 3. Not certain 4. Not likely 5. Strongly improbable Q4: LEDs illuming engineering would travel from being used in little countries, marks and contraptions into being used as lightings in places? 1. Very likely 2. Likely 3. Not certain 4. Not likely 5. Strongly improbable Q5: Can cheaper versions of Solid-State Lightings ( SSLs ) be produced and adopted for general usage for place and commercial users? 1. Very likely 2. Likely 3. Not certain 4. Not likely 5. Strongly improbable Q6: What is the likeliness of usage of SSL engineerings in places and offices cut downing C emanation by up to 31 million metric dozenss through decreased electrical coevals by 2030? 1. Very likely 2. Likely 3. Not certain 4. Not likely 5. Strongly improbable Q7: Is there a likeliness of any other engineering coming out before 2030 that would do the SSL engineering obsolete, which at nowadays is the hereafter of illuming engineering? 1. Very likely 2. Likely 3. Not certain 4. Not likely 5. Strongly improbable Any other remarks: aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦Sample Size/ResponsesFor this Delphi study the sample size to be used to discourse the above questionnaire would be a group of experts numbering 25 drawn from the energy industry peculiarly those with adept cognition on illuming energy efficiency, other would be from technology, environmental surveies and edifice engineering industry. The panel of experts to be used in this survey would consist of 10 experts from the energy industry with many of them holding huge cognition in illuming energy efficiency engineering, 7 technology experts, four environmental surveies specializers and four edifice engineering experts particularly those with old cognition in edifice green edifices. In add-on each expert had to be interested in the result of the consequences from the survey either through their sort of work or as necessary information for their ain field of survey. Besides, the panel of experts chosen had to be accessible. The Delphi questionnaire would be mailed to the panel of experts with a stamp self-addressed envelope in it, so that they can direct their responses back for free. Two telephone calls would besides be made to trail up responses. The first call to each of the panelists would be to verify if they have received the questionnaire, a 2nd call would be made to promote questionnaire completion and entry. The responses expected from the survey would be issues like what opinions the experts have on current illuming efficiency engineering like the CFLs, what would be the province of illuming engineering in the hereafter and the likely impact SSL would hold on illuming engineering and C emanation decrease in the hereafter. The hope of making the Delphi survey would be to assist manner out what best illuming efficiency engineering to prosecute in the hereafter. It is hoped that the survey would assist cast visible radiation on the importance of the SSL engineering for the hereafter, whether the HSL engineering can be revamped and made more executable and cost-efficient for mass acceptance and how easy it would be for residential and commercial edifices to hold all gone green by 2030 as it is soon expensive to make so now. Delphi Study Importance to ‘Future Technologies ‘ The importance of Delphi surveies to future engineerings can non be over-emphasized as it is the fulcrum on which of import determinations are made as to which future engineering to prosecute and which would non be executable to travel after. Delphi as a process harmonizing to Singh and Kasavana ( 2005 ) is used for arousing and polishing sentiments of a group of people normally experts in that field of survey until a consensus is reached and the hereafter of that field accurately forecasted, though it besides allows for dissenting sentiments excessively. It has been carried out on a regular basis in Japan in the last 40 old ages to calculate the hereafter of engineering in that state which has seen Japan go a universe leader in technological development. It is besides in usage in Korea where both the exploratory and normative attacks are used ( Taeyoung 1998 ) . The Delphi method is typically used in engineering prediction and it is the most suited manner to acquire a clear image of what engineering would be of import to the society in the long-run hereafter and besides a manner of utilizing engineering to work out awaited hereafter jobs before they arrive upon us by tapping into the encephalons and experiences of experts in any technological field being forecasted. It is besides of import as it helps technological houses meet with forecasted demand in the hereafter of any engineering they have produced or are in the procedure of researching so that future demand do non out-strip future supply hence Delphi survey is an of import tool for ‘futures engineerings ‘ .

Westmark Cabbarus by Lloyd Alexander - 644 Words

In Lloyd Alexander’s Westmark, Cabbarus has a very high role in the palace at first; however, his sense of greed and careless decisions ultimately lead him to his downfall. The chief minister’s desire for the title of king is made evident from the very beginning, and he is shown to go as far as killing innocent people to make sure nothing stands in his way. As a result of his conscience, it is revealed that Cabbarus was responsible for the Princess’s disappearance to get the King on his side, and he his ultimately sent into exile. Ever since the very beginning of the novel, Cabbarus’s greed is shown to want even more power than he already has. â€Å"Cabbarus, [†¦] had his fingers in everything from the purchase of lobsters to the signature of death warrants† (29). This statement about the chief minister shows that he already was in possession of so much power; however he is still hungry for more. For instance, he asks the King to adopt himself as â€Å" ‘A son who dreams, who hopes, who will strive to approach the wisdom, strength, and visions of his glorious, though adoptive, forbears. A son who will honour Your Majesty now and in years to come–’ † (33). This conversation between the King and his chief minister shows that Cabbarus would like the title of heir so that he can continue his reign over the country, but as King. Throughout the novel, Cabbarus has killed many people unjustly, due to them being a threat to his desired destiny as King. One of them is Dr. Torrens, and Cabbarus

University of Miami Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The University of Miami is a private research university with an acceptance rate of 32%. To apply, students can use the  Common Application. UM offers Early Decision and Early Action options that can improve admission chances for students who are sure the university is their top choice school. Considering applying to the University of Miami? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Why the University of Miami? Location: Coral Gables, FloridaCampus Features: The 239-acre main campus sits just southwest of Miami and features a central lake and high-rise residence halls. The university has additional campuses for the School of Medicine and School of Marine and Atmospheric Science.Student/Faculty Ratio: 12:1Athletics: The Miami Hurricanes compete in the NCAA Division I Atlantic Coast Conference.Highlights: Miamis diverse student body comes from 50 states and over 120 countries. The university has many academic strengths including a top-ranked Marine Biology program. Undergraduates can choose from over 180 majors and programs. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of Miami had an acceptance rat of 32%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 32 students were admitted, making UMs admissions process highly competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 34,268 Percent Admitted 32% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 21% SAT Scores and Requirements The University of Miami requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 51% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 620 690 Math 630 740 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of UMs admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to the University of Miami scored between 620 and 690, while 25% scored below 620 and 25% scored above 690. On the math section, 50% of students admitted to the University of Miami scored between 630 and 740, while 25% scored below 630 and 25% scored above 740. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1430 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at the University of Miami. Requirements The University of Miami does not require the SAT writing section. Note that UM participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest scores from each individual section across all SAT test dates. At UM, some majors require SAT Subject tests, so make sure to review the requirements for your application. ACT Scores and Requirements ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 29 35 Math 26 31 Composite 29 32 This admissions data tells us that most of UMs admitted students fall within the top 9% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to the University of Miami received a composite ACT score between 29 and 32, while 25% scored above 32 and 25% scored below 29. Requirements The University of Miami does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, UM superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the middle 50% of University of Miamis incoming class had high school GPAs between 3.7 and 4.0. 25% had a GPA above 4.0, and 25% had a GPA below 3.7. These results suggest that most successful applicants to UM have primarily A and high B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph University of Miami Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph.   Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to the University of Miami. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances The University of Miami, which selected just under a third of applicants, has a competitive admissions pool with high average GPAs and SAT/ACT scores. However, like many of the countrys most selective private universities, UM has a holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong application essay and glowing letters of recommendation can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful extracurricular activities and a rigorous course schedule. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their test scores are outside of the University of Miamis average range. In the graph above, the blue and green data points represent accepted students. You can see that most successful applicants had averages in the A range, SAT scores of about 1150 or higher, and ACT composite scores of 24 or higher. While some students do get in with B and B averages, higher grades and test scores significantly improve your chances of being admitted. Note that there are quite a few red and yellow dots (rejected and waitlisted students) hidden behind the green and blue in all but the upper right corner of the graph. Many students who had grades and test scores that were on target for the University of Miami did not get in. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and University of Miami Undergraduate Admissions Office.

The History of Rock and Roll Essay - 2089 Words

Rock and roll has developed a long way throughout the years from a dance craze in the 1950’s to a political and cultural landscape that is recognized worldwide. Rock and roll has come to define the roots of teenage rebellion, people who don’t follow the norms, and have disrespect for authority. The style of rock and roll itself is a melting pot of music, a combination of sounds that include jazz, country, blues, ragtime, gospel, swing, classical, and ethnic music. It can be a simple variation of three chords to a complex chromatic scale combination. It can convey emotions such as love, hate, fear, lust, sadness, joy, disillusion, or a strong sense of reality. Many things can be said about rock but the fact is that it is the most widely†¦show more content†¦Other artists such as Jerry Lee Lewis capitalized on the sound of Elvis but did not achieve the designated place in history. From the sounds of Elvis many other important bands of the sixties were inspired, e ven people a thousand miles away from America. One of these important bands was the Beatles. The Beatles took the rock sound and added more lyrical and musical complexity to the sound. The Beatles were the starters of the â€Å"British Invasion† in 1963 when they released â€Å"I want to Hold Your Hand† (Kallen, 2012, 31). After their first single they had immense success with other hits such as â€Å"She Loves You† and â€Å"Woooo!† The Beatles continued to reinvent their music on the various other albums throughout the sixties delving into complex, heavy existential concepts and psychedelic elements, becoming the most relevant influence for modern rock. The Rolling Stones were the second most successful band of the British invasion and dived into the mainstream with their hit â€Å"(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction.† The Rolling Stones had a more aggressive style with loud guitar tones and driving rhythms. And while The Beatles touched on more clean-cut topics, the Stones shocked people with songs about casual drug use and careless sex. Other influential bands of the British Invasion include The Who, Cream, and The Kinks who are now some of rocks greatest legends. At the endShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Rock And Roll1028 Words   |  5 PagesMU1133 The History of Rock and Roll Instructor: Dr. Barry E. Kopetz Heavy Metal is a genre of music that is defined by Dictonary.com as an â€Å"aggressive and heavily amplified rock music, commonly performed by groups that wear spectacular or bizarre costumes†. Another definition listed is; â€Å"a type of rock music characterized by a strong beat and amplified instrumental effects, sometimes with violent, or nihilistic lyrics† By definition we see heavy metal is an aggressive style of rock music thatRead MoreEssay The History of Rock and Roll1033 Words   |  5 PagesRock music has come a long way since its development in the early 20th century. The genre, defined â€Å"as a merger between rhythmblues and country† (Scaruffi, The History of Rock Music:1955-1966), started out more as an underground market, but ended up becoming a significant aspect of American popular music history. Rock-n-Roll music produce many legendary artists who will for ever be known as innovators of the genre. Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were some of the many artists in Rock-n-Roll who willRead MoreThe History of Rock and Roll Essay2144 Words   |  9 PagesRock and roll has developed a long way throughout the years from a dance craze in the 1950s to a political and cultural landscape that is recognized worldwide. Rock and roll has come to define the roots of teenage rebellion, people who dont follow the norms, and have disrespect for authority. The style of rock and roll itself is a melting pot of music, a combination of sounds that include jazz, country, blues, ragtime, gospel, swing, classical, and ethnic music. It can be a simple variation ofRead MoreEssay on The History and Development of Rock and Roll2016 Words   |  9 PagesHistory of Rock and Roll Loud, soothing, meaningful, and deep, rock music has many characteristics. These characteristics are ones that rock music fans appreciate. But, many people have different preferences of music, such as pop, rap, country, and other genres. Although there are several types of music, most modern music comes back to the foundation of rock and roll. Many artists have been influenced by the heart-wrenching power of rock music. Most people that enjoy rock music do not knowRead MoreEssay about History Of Rock And Roll1330 Words   |  6 Pages History of Rock and Roll   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION Rock and Roll started after the year 1955 with its roots being in Blues, Gospel, and Jazz. This influenced vocal music, which was popular with the African American population. Hep Harmony which added rhythm and harmony was sung by groups such as The Mills Brothers and the Ink Spots.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Small Swing Bands or Jump Bands featured saxophone soloists and repeated phrases. These city style blues featured singers such as JoeRead MoreThe History of Songs in Rock and Roll Essay570 Words   |  3 PagesJackson 5 sang it first. It got me thinking about this class and how I catch myself thinking about the history of songs whenever I hear them on the radio or in a movie. When I first started reading, the chapters in the textbook I was confused about how and why certain song are considered rock and roll. It is easy for me to understand why Led Zeppelin’s â€Å"Whole Lotta Love† is classified as rock and roll. The 2-bar blues derived riff from the guitar in the beginning draws you into the song. Then theyRead MoreThe History of Rock and Roll: Copyright Not Included2811 Words   |  12 PagesPeter Clark Professor James Smethurst AFROAM 151 December 5, 2012 The History Of Rock and Roll: Copyright Not Included The history of black America is one filled with exploitation and abuse. Time and time again we see the â€Å"cultural rape† of the black community. Whether it be style, lingo, or music white culture has been â€Å"borrowing† from black culture since the early history of the United States. It is so obvious it almost passes unnoticed. For example the handshake has largely been replacedRead MoreSarah Wager : History Of Rock And Roll1505 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Wager History of Rock and Roll Research Paper Jimi Hendrix, born as Johnny Allen Hendrix, is one of the most legendary guitarists in rock music. As the Rolling Stones puts it Jimi is â€Å" one of the biggest culture figures of the 60s† (Kemp). He has been and still is a major influence on guitarists and other musicians. 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For normal people, sometimes rock and roll is like a window, through which people can noticeRead MoreHistory Of Rock And Roll By Berkley Shofner Essay1934 Words   |  8 PagesThe History of Rock and Roll – By Berkley Shofner Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily from a combination of predominantly African-American genres such as blues, boogie woogie, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music, together with Western swing and country music. Though elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire

The Increase of Illicit Stimulant Use on College Campuses Free Essays

The Increase of Illicit Stimulant Use on College Campuses Stephanie Lobe Upper Iowa University December 5, 2011 ABSTRACT Numerous studies are finding that college students in the United States are relying on stimulant medications prescribed for ADHD without a prescription and for nonmedical reasons, most commonly because students believe these medications can enhance their cognitive performance. Research finds that students report these stimulants have become a part of the college culture and are easier to obtain than alcohol. This paper will discuss the prevalence of use on college campuses in the United States and both the academic and nonacademic motivations these students use prescription stimulants illicitly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Increase of Illicit Stimulant Use on College Campuses or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the United States, the domestic sales for prescription stimulant ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) medications such as Ritalin, Adderall, and Dexedrine are increasing at significant rates. Between 1991 and 1999, sales of these prescription stimulants increased over 500 percent. As the rate of legal use increases, so does the rate of illegal or nonmedical use, especially on our college campuses. Data shows that these drugs have high abuse potentials and produce effects very similar to cocaine. Because of the potential for physical and psychological dependency and risk of abuse, the US Drug Enforcement Administration classifies these stimulants as Schedule II substances (Woodworth, 2000). Unfortunately, most students consider these drugs safe and do not realize the potential side effects and risk for abuse. There is a perception that nonmedical use of these drugs is morally acceptable if used for academic rather than recreational purposes (DeSantis, 2008). In, 2002, there had not yet been a lot of research conducted on illicit stimulant use on campus. At this time, Graf Low and A. E. Gendaszak surveyed undergraduates at a small college in the United States to gather information on the legal and illegal use of stimulants on the college campus. The authors also wanted to explore how perfectionism and sensation seeking behavior contributed to abuse of both legal and illegal stimulants. Low and Gendaszak hypothesized that students influenced by perfectionism would be likely to abuse prescription stimulants (i. e. Ritalin, Adderall) and sensation seeking students would be more likely to abuse both prescription stimulants and illegal stimulants (i. e. methamphetamines, cocaine). Of 160 questionnaires distributed to students in an undergraduate psychology course, 150 questionnaires were returned. The questionnaires assessed selected demographic variables and the abuse of prescription and illegal stimulants during the previous 12 months. It is important to note that for this study, illicit stimulant use is defined as taking prescription stimulants (Adderall, Ritalin, etc) without a prescription. Illegal stimulant use is defined as taking the illegal â€Å"street† stimulants cocaine or MDMA (ecstasy). Participants were also questioned about their reasons for using stimulants. Two measures that have demonstrated reliability and validity with college students were administered to assess possible correlates of use: the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and the Sensation Seeking Scale. Ten percent of the students participating were prescribed stimulants by a medical professional and researchers automatically categorized them as non-abusers. In this journal article, the authors do not report the total number or percent of participants that were considered illicit users. They do report that analysis of the illicit users showed that 10% abused stimulants monthly and 8% weekly. There were a significantly higher number of men than women reporting illicit use, but no difference in their motivations for use. The common motivations for use were: to improve intellectual performance, to be more efficient and to use in combination with alcohol. Of the total of students participating, 34% reported taking cocaine, MDMA or both within the last 12 months. It was found that illegal stimulant use was highly correlated with illicit use of prescription stimulants. Researchers also found there was a correlation between having a prescription for stimulants and using illegal stimulants. Eighty-eight percent of the illegal users reported using MDMA vs. cocaine with men reporting greater use than women. Almost always, the motivation for illegal stimulant use was for recreational purposes. Sensation seeking and perfectionism were dichotomized based on a median split to produce categorical variables for analysis of variance. A two by two analysis of variance was carried out (high or low perfectionism by high or low sensation seeking) with the illicit use of prescription drugs as the dependent variable and gender as a covariate. The main effect for sensation seeking was significant, but perfectionism was not associated with self-reported use. However, the two-way interaction between sensation seeking and perfectionism was significant. High sensation seeking perfectionists had the greatest self-reported abuse of prescription stimulants (Low, 2002). In the research study, Illicit Use of Prescription ADHD Medications on a College Campus: a Multimethodical Approach, both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews were conducted to collect data on college students’ perceptions of illicit prescription stimulant use and the prevalence of use. With the combined methods, 1,811 undergraduate students from a large, public, southeastern research university participated. Seventy-eight of these students had a prescription to treat ADHD and were removed from the study, leaving a total of 1,733 participants. This study found that of those participants, 34 % of used prescription stimulants illegally and for nonmedical reasons. The results suggested that illicit use of the stimulants was more common in Caucasians, men, upperclassmen, and students belonging to Greek organizations. Interviews with students allowed researchers to gather detailed information about their perceptions of stimulant prescription drugs, the circumstances of the first time they used a stimulant and what their motives were. During the interviews, it was discovered how prevalent illicit use of these medications are as well as how casually this use was discussed on campus with many students stating, â€Å"it’s no big deal†. Of the illegal users in the study, 63% used stimulants for the first time in college and for most the first time of use was at a time of high academic stress. For more than two-thirds of these users, this occurred during finals or when they had multiple tests in one day. First time users had little knowledge about the side effects of stimulant medication, the appropriate doses, or the legal consequences of using these drugs illicitly. Of illegal users, 72% reported using the drugs to stay awake and study longer or to concentrate on work. Many students claimed they could be more productive and reported being able to study for up to 3-5 hours straight without getting distracted or taking a break. Others reported the stimulants made them â€Å"smarter† because they were able to memorize retain information, grasp ideas and recall information better. One participant’s description of the drug Adderall was, â€Å"the stuff is like an academic anabolic steroid†. There were a few students that reported use of the stimulants for nonacademic purposes. Some these reasons included that the drugs gave them the ability to stay up all night for parties, be more talkative and social at parties and feel the effects of alcohol quicker. Students also reported that when crushed and snorted, the drugs produced a high similar to cocaine (DeSantis, 2008). In the study, Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulant Medication Among College Students, authors also investigate how prevalent illicit use is at a Midwestern campus as well as why students are abusing these drugs. Three different methods were used to recruit students for the study. A list of randomly selected students residing in residence halls, 500 female and 500 male, was obtained from the university’s registrar office. A cover letter and questionnaire were sent to these students and then a second questionnaire was mailed to those who had not responded within two weeks. The researchers also held three sessions that were open to introductory psychology students who would receive credit for completing the questionnaire. The last effort to recruit students included researchers going door to door on men’s wings in residence halls. The combined total of responses was 552. The survey completed consisted of 85 items with the first section including questions about demographics and personal information. The questions on the remainder of the survey used a Likert-type scale (1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neutral, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree). Questions were separated into two sections for statistical analysis. The second section obtained specific information from individuals who reported they had illicitly taken stimulant medication. Results from the survey found that 17% of the men surveyed and 11% of the women surveyed had used prescription stimulants for non-medical reasons. Forty-four percent of the students surveyed reported that they knew someone who had used prescribed stimulant medication illicitly for academic or recreational reasons. Authors found that the main reason for use was to increase alertness and energy and use was associated with experiencing time and academic pressures of college life (Hall, 2005). The purpose of a study published in the Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy was to explore illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students and the reasons and routes of administration associated with illicit use of these drugs. The study was conducted at a large Midwestern university in 2005. A random sample of 5,389 full-time, undergraduate students were selected from the total population of 20, 138 full-time students. In order to produce reliable prevalence estimates for minority racial and ethnic groups, researchers oversampled 652 Hispanic, 634 African American and 244 Asian students. Students in the sample were mailed a letter describing the study and inviting students to self-administer a confidential web survey. Participants were eligible for a sweepstakes that included cash prizes, travel vouchers and other prizes. The final response rate exceeded the average rate for national college based studies of alcohol and other drugs with a 66% response rate. The final sample closely resembled the demographics of the overall student population and consisted of 4,580 undergraduate students. The results from the survey indicated that 8. 3% of the participants had used illicit prescription stimulants in their lifetime and 5. 9% had used them in the past year. Three out of four of the illicit users reported taking Adderall and one out of four illicit users reported taking Ritalin. Unlike other studies of this nature, the authors report there were no differences in past year illicit prescription stimulant use between men and women. They did find statistically significant ethnic-racial differences in past year use with 8. % of Hispanics having used illicit prescription stimulants, 7% of Caucasians, 3. 4% of Asians, 1. 9% of African Americans and 3. 6% of those categorized as other. Sixty-five percent of the lifetime users began using illicit prescription stimulants during college rather than before starting college. Logistic regression showed students who began using prescription stimulants illicitly before entering college were three times as likely to use these drugs durin g college compared to those who had not used them before entering college. When looking at the motivations of students using illicit prescription stimulants, researchers found significant differences between gender and ethnic-racial groups. Men were more likely than women to report using these drugs to experiment, get high, and counteract the effects of other drugs. Women were more likely than men to report using prescription stimulants to lose weight, to help study, and to increase alertness. There was not a difference between sexes regarding the most frequently cited motive which was to help with concentration. There were no African Americans that reported using illicit prescription stimulants to get high, but over 20% of Caucasians, Hispanics, Asians, and others reported this as a motive. The results for experimenting as a motive were similar. Most African American students who reported using prescription stimulants illicitly listed the motives to help concentrate or to help study. Students who reported using prescription stimulants illicitly before entering college were more likely to use these drugs during the past year to get high, lose weight or experiment. Students who did not start using prescription stimulants until enrolled in college were more likely to report the motive to help study. The results of this study also revealed findings about the routes in which students administered illicit prescription stimulants. Ninety-five percent of illicit users reported oral administration. Thirty-eight percent reported snorting the prescription stimulants and a very small percentage reported smoking, inhaling or injecting these drugs. Neither gender nor race-ethnicity were associated with routes of administration. However, students who began using illicit prescription stimulants before college were more likely to report snorting the drugs than those who started using during college. The authors report their study is the first to empirically document the claim that use of Adderall is the primary prescription stimulant used illicitly by college students. Hypothesizes to why the use of Adderall may be growing relative to other stimulants such as Ritlan, generally fall into three categories: availability, pharmacokinetic differences between stimulant drugs, and pharmacologic differences. In another study cited by the authors, college students reported Adderall was used more frequently because it was easily accessible, caused fewer emotional ups and downs, and was believed to work better overall. The authors explain that there are differences in the mechanism of action of Adderall that may result in this drug being more appealing to college students. The effects of the drug will last longer and may generate higher dopamine levels in the brain than occur when taking Ritalin (Teter, 2006). A study done by Rachel Judson Susan W Langdon investigated illicit use of stimulant medications on college campuses considering the theory of planned behavior. This theory states that attitudes, beliefs about social norms, and perceived control work together to create intentions which predict health related behavior. The study included a total of 333 participants from two small competitive New England college campuses. Two survey forms were distributed – one for current stimulant prescription holders and one for non-prescription holders. The surveys were self-administered online. The study found that 20% of all participants reported illicit use of stimulants. Of the prescription holders, 46% reported illicit use (using for reasons other than prescribed or at increased doses) and of the non-prescription holders, 18. 3% reported illicit use. The two most predominant motives were to improve concentration and to increase alertness or stay awake. This indicates that academic reasons were more prevalent than recreational reasons for taking the medication. For non-prescription holders, the results were consistent with the theory of planned behavior. Attitudes, perceived norms and a sense of low control held by illicit users may act as rationalizations for their illicit use of stimulant medication (Judson, 2009). Many studies have been done investigating how perceived harmfulness influences nonmedical drug use and there have also been separate studies done investigating the association between nonmedical drug use and high sensation-seeking characteristics. This study takes both variables into consideration and explores whether the association between perceived harmfulness and nonmedical drug use vary by level of sensation-seeking. Participants included 1, 253 first year college students from a large, publicly-funded university in the mid-Atlantic region with an ethnically diverse student body. Personal interviews were conducted with participants and then participants were followed up with twice at six month intervals. Researchers examined the association between the two variables of perceived harmfulness and level of sensation-seeking characteristics because they believed it was important to consider the possibility that sensation-seeking characteristics can influence risk perception. Results from this study indicated that one in four students perceived a great risk of harm from occasional nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and analgesics. Low perceived harmfulness and high sensation-seeking were independently associated with increased risk of nonmedical use. At most levels of sensation-seeking, high perceived harmfulness did affect nonmedical prescription drug use; however, among high sensation-seekers, perceived harmfulness was not related to nonmedical use of prescription analgesics. This study found that individuals with low perceived harmfulness were approximately 10 times more likely to use prescription drugs for both stimulants and analgesics, as compared to those individuals with high perceived harmfulness. Another important finding was that individuals with low or moderate sensation-seeking tendencies were especially susceptible to the influence of perceived harmfulness (Arria, 2008). An article published online, New Findings on the Misuse of ADHD Medications by College Students, reviews one of the largest studies conducted regarding nonmedical use of stimulants on college campuses. In 2001, nearly 11,000 students attending 119 nationally representative, 4-year colleges in the United States were surveyed about their nonmedical use of prescription stimulants. The involvement of such a high number of universities across the country overcomes one of the major limitations of other studies done on this topic. Because most studies collect data from only one college, the results cannot be accurately generalized to college populations outside of that type of institution or region. This study found that the average rate for nonmedical use of stimulants during the participant’s lifetime was 6. %; during the last year was 4. 1% and during the last month was 2. 1%. The rate of use of stimulants varied dramatically across the campuses surveyed with rates ranging from 0% to as high as 25%. Findings from this study indicate that the highest rates of nonmedical use of prescription stimulants are highest at colleges with competitive admission standards. More than 80% of s chools with a past year prevalence rate higher than 10% had highly competitive admission standards and were located in the Northeast or Southern United States. Results of the motives for illicit stimulant use were comparable to other studies with the three top motivations being to help with concentration, to help with alertness and to get high (Ashley Children’s Psychology Center, n. d. ). Most research studies regarding the illicit use of prescription stimulants on college campuses use a randomly selected sample size of over 1,000 participants. In the study, Illicit Use of Prescription ADHD Medications on a College Campus: A Multimethodological Approach, students participating in part I of the research, a quantitative survey, are recruited through a large introductory communications course. This course is a social science requirement and was selected to represent students from different majors across the campus. To ensure the upperclassmen were also represented in the study, additional surveys were distributed in an upper division communications course as well as the general student body. The second part of the study included qualitative interviews with 175 full-time, undergraduate students. The authors fail to report how these students were recruited. It is not know if these students were randomly selected from the general student population or if they were selected from the group of students who completed the survey. This research was done at a large, southeastern research university in the United States (DeSantis, 2008). Studies relating to the illicit use of stimulants on college campuses have found a significant variance in the prevalence of usage depending on factors such as admission standards and location of the university (Ashley Children’s Psychology Center. (n. . ). Due to this, the study done at this southeastern research university cannot be generalized to the college population as a whole. This study used both quantitative and qualitative studies. Data was collected from surveys administered in the classroom as well as from scripted, in-depth interviews with students. The authors designed and pretested the 25-item survey for this study by conducting a pilot study of 94 students. After receiving feedback from th e students, question wording and survey structure were revised. The interviews were conducted by students who had all completed an upper-division research methods course and were certified by the university’s institutional review board. Interviewers were assigned specific demographic groups to facilitate the comfort and trust levels of interviewees. Interviews with students allowed researchers to gather detailed information about their perceptions of stimulant prescription drugs, the circumstances of the first time they used a stimulant and what their motives were. Interviews revealed that many students viewed illicit prescription stimulant use as part of the culture of ampus life (DeSantis, 2008). This study showed that 34% of the students who participated in the study had used prescription stimulant medications for nonmedical purposes. This rate is significantly higher than most published studies about stimulant use on college campuses; however, studies have found that rates vary greatly depending on demographic factors (Teter, 2006). Th e authors offer three explanations as to the reason their study reported a significantly higher prevalence rate of use on campuses: 1. ADHD stimulant use may be rising nationwide and as time passes, this phenomenon continues to grow; 2. Rates of use may vary on different college campuses and this campus may have a higher prevalence of use; and 3. The relatively high proportion of Greek students in the student body may have contributed to the higher prevalence rate. In relation to explanation 2, it was also noted that this study took place in a state that has been ranked as one of the top three states in the nation for ADHD diagnosis. To estimate the proportion of individuals who used illicit stimulants by demographic category, the number of users in each category was divided by the total number surveyed in each category. Using results displayed by demographic category use and non-stimulant use, data was cross tabulated by the same demographics factors and a chi-square analysis was conducted to examine statistically significant differences. The resulting data suggested that illicit prescription stimulant use was more common in men, white students, upperclassmen, and members of Greek organizations. Most other studies have published similar results (DeSantis, 2008). The study, Illicit Use of Specific Prescription Stimulants Among College Students: Prevalence, Motives and Routes of Administration found that there is a significantly higher prevalence of use in Caucasian and Hispanic students. These two ethnic groups reported rates of use at 8. 5% and 7%, respectively. Use for African Americans students was only 1. 9%. Another notable difference related to ethnicity was that while over 20% of Hispanic and Caucasian students reported one of the motives of using prescription stimulants was to get high; 0% of African American students reported that motivation (Teter, 2006). Quantitative data showed students’ primary motive for taking ADHD medication was to earn better grades in school. With the augmentation o the qualitative data, researchers discovered a myriad of more subtle motives defining when and why these students took stimulants. Researchers found that most students used prescription stimulants during finals week or periods of high academic stress. They also discovered some what some of the non-academic motives were such as staying up all night for parties, getting drunk quicker, and to be more social (DeSantis, 2008). Other studies have revealed similar findings with other non-academic motives being to help with losing weight, to get high, to experiment and to counteract the effects of other drugs (Teter, 2006). As discussed, the possible biases of this study were the fact that there was a high number of students in Greek organizations in the student body and that the study focuses on one campus noting the prevalence of use can vary greatly depending on the region the university is located in as well as other factors such as the competiveness of the school. The authors did not attempt to control these biases in their study, but in future studies an oversampling of students not involved in Greek organizations as well as a sample from several schools across the country could help control these biases (DeSantis, 2008). Each of these studies identifies the prevalent, increasing illicit use of stimulant medications for nonmedical uses, primarily motivated by academic reasons. It is apparent that most students do not know the dangers or risks of taking these medications and prescription stimulants are more socially acceptable than other drugs. Many students appear rationalize their use because it is for academic reasons rather than recreational reasons. This is a terrifying trend that can result in many unwanted outcomes, the worst being death. References: Arria, A. M. , Calderia, K. M. , Vincent, K. B. , O’Grady, K. E. , Wish, E. D. (2008, July 17). Perceived harmfulness predicts nonmedical use of prescription drugs among college students: Interactions with sensation-seeking. In National Institutes of Health. Retrieved November 10, 2011, from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2574828/ Ashley Children’s Psychology Center. (n. d. . New Findings on the Misuse of ADHD Medications by College Students. In Ashley Psychology. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http://ashleypsychology. com/Articles/010608. html [pic] DeSantis, A. D. , Webb, E. M. , Noar, S. M. (2008, November). Illicit Use of Prescription ADHD Medications on a College Campus: A Multimethodological Approach. Journal of American College H ealth, 51(3), 315-325. Retrieved November 12, 2011, from EBSCOhost. Hall, K. M. , Irwin, M. M. , Bowman, K. A. , Frankenberger, W. , Jewett, D. C. (2005, January). Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulant Medication Among College Students. Journal of American College Health, 53(4), 167-174. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from EBSCOhost. Judson, R. , Langdon, S. W. (2009, January). Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulants Among College Students: Prescription Status, Motives, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Knowledge and Self Diagnostic Tendencies. Psychology, Health Medicine, 14(1), 97-104. doi:10. 1080/13548500802126723. Low, G. K. , Gendaszek, A. E. (2002, August 1). Illicit Use of Psychostimulants Among College Students: A Preliminary Study. Psychology of Health and Medicine, 7(3), 283-287. doi:10. 1080/13548500220139386 Teter, C. J. , McCabe, S. , LaGrange, K. , Cranford, J. A. , Boyd, C. J. (2006, October 26). Illicit Use of Specific Prescription Stimulants Among College Students: Prevalence, Motives and Routes of Administration. The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 26(10), 1501-1510. doi:10. 1592/phco. 26. 10. 1501 Woodworth, T. (2000, May 16). DEA Congressional Testimony. Presented to the Committee on Education and the Workforce: Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth and Families. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from http://www. dea. gov/pubs/cngrtest/ct051600. htm. How to cite The Increase of Illicit Stimulant Use on College Campuses, Papers

Differences Between Realism And Romanticism Essay Example For Students

Differences Between Realism And Romanticism Essay At the end of the Baroque Period in the eighteenth and nineteenth century art was divided into two distinct categories, Romanticism and Realism. Romanticism, the passion-filled works illustrating stimulating accounts of specific events with symbolic gestures emerging from the scene, separated itself from the more politically correct stance taken by Realists. A fine example of Romanticism is Gricaults Raft of the Medusa. The brutal scene, set afloat on the wild seas, is emphasized by the chiaroscuro modeling of the lump of figures in the center of the raft. The X form of the composition draws your eye all around the composition. The eye starts at the top right with the Revolutionary figure holding on to a piece of cloth in the colors of the French Revolution and then is drawn down the diagonal. Gricault then depicts the striving, the dying, and the dead as they overlap each other in a fierce struggle to survive. The eye is then drawn up and down the dark opposing diagonal. This whole scene is then placed on the mighty ocean to delineate the fact that the raft is a metaphor for France being on a hostile ocean of depravity. The Grande Odalisque also typifies Romanticism. Ingres, using example such as the Mannerist Parmaganinos Madonna with a long neck, takes the artistic license to elongate the figure of this Turkish harem girl. Influenced by the neo-classical revival Ingres draws upon the Greek technique of flat linear forms and depicts his model in an impossible position allow us the view of both her shoulders and her breast; the figure is given an extra three vertebrae in order to maintain this position. Ingres endows a feeling of sensuality into the figure instead of the paint. The chromatic effect of the composition pulls the harem girl to the front as she is the only warm color in the piece. Ingres also gives her a very exotic feel with her accessories: the peacock fan, velvet drapes, and other exorbitant furniture. Ingres also uses Raphaels typical female head and a gaze that says, You have just interrupted me, but you dont know what you interrupted further intriguing the voyeur. In contrast to the almost mystical passion and intrigue of Grande Odalisque is Rue Transnonain. This lithograph by Daumier is realism in the truest sense. Daumier depict the social injustice of the innocent killing of all the workers in a housing block. Daumier draws in the viewer with the initial scene of a man in his pajamas lying dead against his bed. The viewer is then drawn to pay closer attention to the work. In careful examination of the piece the viewer sees a baby crushed under the man with just its head and arms coming out from under the weight of this man. There is a pool of blood forming from the baby which intends to play on the viewers sympathy eliciting violent emotions of hatred towards the butcher who took the lives of these innocent people who were obviously sleeping as indicated by the attire and disarray of the bed. The awful scene depicted in Rue Transnonain. elicits emotions and a need for social reform. The Third Day of May, by Goya is an example of a transitional piece which reflects both Realism and Romanticism. In this piece Goya depicts a specific incident in which a number a civilians in Madrid were rounded up in killed in retaliation for the deaths of French soldiers a few days before. Painted during Goyas Black Period the tenebroso conflict of the light fighting away at the dark sky is extremely dramatic and the chromatic effect from this adds to the suspense and drama of the situation at hand. Goya also puts the victim of this murderous rampage in a white shirt to symbolize innocence, strongly drawing on the Romantic style. But Goya also uses the harsh reality of the dead body and the pool of blood accumulating on the ground to make a social commentary on the death of these men, drawing on the school of Realism. .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5 , .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5 .postImageUrl , .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5 , .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5:hover , .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5:visited , .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5:active { border:0!important; } .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5:active , .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5 .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub74d44f3c72445c03ce280e5bd7fbfc5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mandatory Physical Education i EssayCourbet, considered by many the father of realism, also uses techniques of both schools. To illustrate, in Burials of Ornans, Courbet depicts a funeral scene with an intense feel for the emotions felt by the mourners. Unlike the superhuman or subhuman actors on the grand stage of the Romantic canvas, this Realist work move to the ordinary rhythms of contemporary life. (Gardners, p. 898) Courbet, though, also incorporates the romantic landscape into this piece with the broad sky at dusk composed of grays and the last yellows of the setting sun. The truly impassioned, yet somber, landscape draws out a heartfelt sympathy for loss that the m ourners are feeling independent of any expression that a figure may have. Romanticism and Realism played a major part in the development of art and had a direct influence on one another. The division of art during this period is definitely due to the enlightenment and the revolutionary times, in which heated debates between moralist of the Romantic school and the scientific naturalist of Realism and the combinations and the divisions of the two schools. The art of these times paralleled the economic divisions. The industrial revolution helped fuel the fire of the rivalry making the rich richer and the poor poorer; the art always reflecting the differences in the classes and their attitudes about the quality of life in their day and age.